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8D Report

A standard report with eight steps following the problem-solving approach in the case of problems with unknown causes (e.g. customer quality complaint).

Usually, the 8D report is used as an exchange document between supplier and customer to communicate the status and progress of actions. It can also be used as an internal problem-solving tool. Depending on the nature and scope of the problem, a specific team needs to be assembled to evaluate and work on each of the eight process steps. The quality department leads the 8D process and is responsible for the proper documentation and communication. The eight process steps are:

D1 Team Approach: Establish a small team of people with the requisite skills.

D2 Describe the Problem: Make a sketch, list all affected part numbers, similar products, and processes. Collect and analyze statistical data that fully describe and quantify the problem.

D3 Containment: Protect the customer. Define and implement immediate actions (sorting, quality wall, exchange of parts) until a permanent corrective action can be found.

D4 Define and Verify the Root Cause(s): Identify potential causes that could explain why the problem occurred. Replicate the problem! Use tests and experimentation to determine the root cause. Also identify reasons for non-detection and why the problem was not avoided. Use the 5 Whys or Ishikawa-Diagram or other relevant processes.

D5 Define and Verify Permanent Corrective Actions: List possible actions that could resolve the root cause of the problem. Prove effectiveness of actions through testing and demonstrate that no unwanted side effects were created. Repeat steps D4 and D5 until corrective actions are found.

D6 Implement Permanent Corrective Actions: Define and implement an action plan for the implementation of corrective actions and to monitor and measure effectiveness.

D7 Effectiveness of Action Plan, Prevent Recurrence: Check the effects of the action plan and introduce further measures if necessary. Identify responsible weak points in management, control systems, and procedures and define actions to eliminate these weak points in order to prevent recurrence of this or similar problems.

D8 Lessons Learned and Closure: Conduct a “lessons learned” workshop (what went right, what went wrong, recommendations) and capitalize on know how gained for future or similar projects (database, communication). Recognize the collective efforts and achievements of the team and show appreciation for the result.


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